pain

n. 痛苦、疼痛、辛苦

vt. 使痛苦、痛苦

vi. 作痛、疼

學術名詞

• 疼痛：心理學、醫學
• 違和：病理學
• 困苦：病理學
• 痛：獸醫學

英文釋義

1. a symptom of some physical hurt or disorder
2. emotional distress; a fundamental feeling that people try to avoid
3. a somatic sensation of acute discomfort
4. something or someone that causes trouble; a source of unhappiness